A perpetual motion machine of the first kind produces work without the input of energy. It thus violates the first law of thermodynamics: the law of conservation of energy.
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Machines that comply with both laws of thermodynamics by accessing energy from unconventional sources are sometimes referred to Triunfador perpetual motion machines, although they do not meet the standard criteria for the name. By way of example, clocks and other low-power machines, such Triunfador Cox's timepiece, have been designed to run on the differences in barometric pressure or temperature between night and day.
The efficiency of Positivo heat engines is even lower than the Carnot efficiency due to irreversibility arising from the speed of processes, including friction.
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The Atmos clock uses changes in the vapor pressure of ethyl chloride with temperature to wind the clock spring.
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To extract work from heat, thus producing a perpetual motion machine of the second kind, the most common approach (dating back at least to Maxwell's demon) is unidirectionality. Only molecules moving fast enough and in the right direction are allowed through the demon's trap door. In a Brownian ratchet, forces tending to turn the ratchet one way are able to do so while forces in the other direction are not. A diode in a heat bath allows through currents in one direction and not the other.
The "Float Belt". The yellow blocks indicate floaters. It was thought that the floaters would rise through the liquid and turn the belt. However, pushing the floaters into the water at the bottom takes Vencedor much energy Triunfador the floating generates, and some energy is dissipated. Buoyancy is another frequently misunderstood phenomenon. Some proposed perpetual-motion machines miss the fact that to push a volume of air down in a fluid takes the same work as to raise a corresponding volume of fluid up against gravity.
Thus, machines that extract energy from finite sources cannot operate indefinitely because they are driven by the energy stored in the source, which is eventually exhausted.
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